Psychological counsellor: Shireen Al-Bayari. The concept of intellectual disability. The social definition: it focuses on the extent of an individual's success or failure in responding to the social demands expected of him compared with his counterparts in the same age group, so a child is considered intellectually disabled if he fails to carry out the social demands expected of him. \u2022 Intellectual disability represents a number of aspects of deficiency in an individual's performance that appear before the age of 18 and consist of a clear shortfall in intellectual capacity below the average of intelligence (75 + 5), accompanied by a clear deficiency in two or more aspects of adaptive behaviour, such as the skills of: daily living; social skills; language skills; basic academic skills such as reading, writing and arithmetic; numeracy skills; safety skills. \u2022 Classification of intellectual disability by cause: primary intellectual disability: due to causes before birth (hereditary). Secondary intellectual disability: due to causes occurring during pregnancy, during birth or after it (environmental causes). \u2022 Classification of intellectual disability by outward form: 1. Mongolism: this condition is called Down's syndrome and is linked to the mother's age. Age: rate of occurrence. 20 to 30 years: 1 in 1,500. 30 to 35 years: 1 in 600. 35 to 40 years: 1 in 300. 40 to 45 years: 1 in 70. 45 and above: 1 in 40. Causes of this condition: disorders in chromosome 21, where this pair of chromosomes appears in triplicate in the foetus, so that the number of chromosomes in the foetus becomes 47 rather than 46, or there is an error in the chromosome's position. Outward characteristics of a person with Down's syndrome: a flat face, a small slightly upturned nose, narrow eyes extending sideways, large ears, the tongue protruding from the mouth, irregularities in the shape of the teeth, and short hands, fingers and necks. 2. Cretinism: a manifestation of intellectual disability consisting of short stature compared with the age group to which the person belongs. The cause of this condition is a deficiency in the secretion of the hormone thyroxine, leading to dryness of the skin and hair, a protruding abdomen, and delay in teething, speech and walking. 3. Microcephaly (a small skull circumference). 4. Macrocephaly (a large skull circumference). 5. Cases of hydrocephalus: a large skull compared with the age group to which the person belongs, with cerebrospinal fluid inside or outside the brain. \u2022 Classification of intellectual disability by intelligence quotient (IQ): here intellectual disability is divided into categories according to the standard of IQ measured using intellectual capacity scales such as the Stanford-Binet scale or the Wechsler intelligence scale. 1. Mild mental retardation: IQ for this category ranges between 70 and 55, and this category is referred to by the term \"educable\" (Educable Mentally Retarded, E.M.R.). This category is marked by normal physical and motor characteristics and by the ability to learn up to the level of the third primary grade or above, in addition to an average level of vocational skills. 2. Moderate mental retardation: IQ for this category ranges between 55 and 40, and they are also referred to by the term \"trainable\" (Trainable Mentally Retarded, T.M.R.). This category is marked by physical and motor characteristics close to normal development, but sometimes accompanied by problems in walking or standing, and it is marked by the ability to carry out simple vocational skills. 3. Severe mental retardation (S.M.R.): IQ for this category ranges between 40 and 25 or 20. It is marked by disturbed physical and motor characteristics compared with ordinary individuals of the same chronological age, and by disturbances in aspects of language development. 4. Profound or dependent intellectual disability: Profoundly Mentally Retarded. Causes of intellectual disability: \u2022 Genetic (hereditary) factors: transmitted through the genes carried on the chromosomes. In the fertilised cell there are 46 chromosomes, half from the father and half from the mother, and these genes and the hereditary traits they carry exist in 3 forms: 1. Dominant genes MM: the result: a pure trait. 2. Carrier genes Mm: two pure cases and two carrier cases (2:1), one pure case and two carrier cases; the result: an affected case. 3. Recessive genes mm: the result: all the offspring are affected. \u2022 Non-genetic factors: illnesses affecting the mother (syphilis, particular infections, the rubella virus); poor nutrition; X-rays (in the first 3 months this leads to damage to brain cells, cancer, etc.); drugs, medicines and alcoholic drinks; water and air pollution; a difference in the rhesus factor, which is the antigen present in the blood. * A group of causes during birth: \u2022 lack of oxygen during the birth process \u2022 physical trauma \u2022 infections affecting the child. * A group of causes after birth: \u2022 poor nutrition \u2022 accidents and trauma \u2022 illnesses and infections \u2022 drugs and medicines. Curricula and teaching methods for people with intellectual disabilities: these differ in terms of content and teaching methods (the individual curriculum) and include a number of behavioural educational objectives: 1. Independence skills: \u2022 daily living skills \u2022 self-care skills. 2. Motor skills: \u2022 gross motor skills \u2022 fine motor skills. 3. Language skills: \u2022 receptive language skills \u2022 expressive language skills. 4. Academic skills: \u2022 reading skills \u2022 writing skills \u2022 mathematics skills. 5. Vocational skills and vocational preparation skills \u2022 social skills \u2022 safety skills \u2022 economic skills.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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